Author Archives:

Timeline – The history of Apple (2010 – 2020)

2010

Steve Jobs introduces the iPad in San Francisco on January 27, 2010. Apple was not the first company to launch a tablet computer. But unlike the flops that Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, for example, experienced with his attempts in the 1990s, the iPad scored a great success right off the bat when it was launched on April 3, 2010.

Then, on June 7, 2010, the iPhone 4 makes its debut (market launch June 24). Even though the new design of the antenna caused reception problems with a certain grip position, this device also became a box office hit.

In October 2010, Apple’s stock broke through the $300 threshold for the first time.

2011

Steve Jobs again announces time off for medical reasons in an e-mail to his team on January 17, 2011. Tim Cook takes over the day-to-day business. However, Jobs interrupts his time off three times: On March 2, he presents the iPad 2, with which Apple continues its triumphal march in the tablet computer segment. At WWDC 2011, he presents the concept of iCloud to developers in June 2010 and, one evening later, presents the plans for a new headquarters, Apple Campus 2, to the Cupertino Council.

Apple Campus 2 – © Apple Inc. – Foster + Partner

October 4: Tim Cook and Phil Schiller present the iPhone 4S at the “Let’s Talk iPhone” event, but not the iPhone 5 with a new design that many fans had been expecting. The new iPhone is significantly faster than the iPhone 4 and includes the novel voice recognition and voice control software Siri. Externally, however, it resembles the design of the iPhone 4.

October 5, 2011: Apple co-founder Steve Jobs dies at the age of 56.

Five days after Jobs’ death, Apple overtakes oil multinational Exxon Mobil as the world’s most valuable publicly traded company.

2012

January 19, 2012: Apple wants to turn around the education market in the U.S. with a broad-based campaign. Digital textbooks on the iPad are to replace traditional books in schools and universities

March 7, 2012: Tim Cook, as Apple’s new CEO, unveils the third-generation iPad in San Francisco. The new iPad, according to Apple’s marketing parlance, differs from the iPad 2 primarily in its higher-resolution display (2048 × 1536 pixels), more computing power and LTE data transmission technology. However, the LTE technology cannot be used in Germany because the frequency bands used for LTE in this country are not supported. However, the also newly installed UMTS extension HSPA+ is also available in Germany.

July 25, 2012: Apple unveils the new Mac operating system OS X Mountain Lion (10.8) at the WWDC developer trade show.

September 12, 2012: Phil Schiller and Tim Cook present the new iPhone 5, which runs iOS 6. On September 21, 2012, the new iPhone generation is launched in Germany and on September 28, 2012, in Liechtenstein, Austria and Switzerland.

October 23, 2012: Apple introduces the fourth iPad generation (“iPad with Retina display”). In addition to the high-resolution Retina display, the new iPad will be equipped with an A6X chip from Apple. The classic iPad connector will be replaced by a Lightning connector. The devices will be launched on November 2 in 35 countries, including the US, Germany and the UK.

October 26, 2012: Apple was able to increase its revenue to $36 billion in the fourth quarter of its fiscal year, which ended at the end of September, from $28.3 billion a year earlier. Net income grew to a handsome $8.2 billion ($8.67 per share) from $6.6 billion a year earlier. Nevertheless, the stock market is not satisfied, because investors had expected even more sales and profits. The share price is hovering around 600 dollars.

2013

January 25, 2013: Apple terminates supplier in China because of too young workers. Apple CEO Tim Cook thus fulfills his promise to pay more attention to working conditions at suppliers. In 2012, there were more inspections. In the process, more than 70 workers under the age of 16 were also discovered in a factory in China.

January 25, 2013: Apple stock slips: oil major ExxonMobil is again most valuable company.

February 11, 2013: First hints in the U.S. press (NYT and WSJ) of a computer watch from Apple.

March 20, 2013: Apple hires away the former chief technology officer of software specialist Adobe, Kevin Lynch. It is later revealed that he will be in charge of the Apple Watch program.

April 2, 2013: after a campaign in state media in China for “arrogance,” Apple CEO Tim Cook must publicly apologize to Chinese customers. The kowtowing later pays off. On December 23, 2013, it is reported that the iPhone is coming to the world’s largest mobile group, China Mobile.

April 17, 2013: Stockbrokers’ worries about weak iPhone and iPad sales send Apple’s stock plunging to its lowest level in more than a year. The paper is trading down 6 percent at $398.11 in New York. The last time the paper had previously been below the prominent $400 threshold was in December 2011.

April 23, 2013: Apple posts its first profit decline in nearly a decade after an unprecedented run of success. The iPhone company still posted the fourth-highest quarterly profit in its history at $9.5 billion (7.3 billion euros). In a year-on-year comparison, however, that meant a drop of a good 18 percent.

May 1, 2013: A veritable rain of money is descending on Apple. Through the sale of bonds, the iPhone and iPad manufacturer has raised a total of 17 billion dollars (13 billion euros), more than any other U.S. company before in one fell swoop. The money is to be used to buy back the company’s own shares and to pay dividends. Thus Apple wants to boost its weakening share price.

Apple fans and customers wait for the opening of the Apple Store on Ku’damm in Berlin. Photo: Britta Pedersen/dpa

May 3, 2013: After two years of construction, Apple opens the first Berlin Apple Store and the largest customer support center in Europe on Kurfürstendamm. The listed building had been built in October 1913 as one of the first cinemas in Berlin. The renovated cinema hall of the former Union-Palast not only hosts customer events, but also concerts and cultural events.

May 21, 2013: Apple avoided billions of dollars in tax payments in the U.S. and other countries through a complex network of foreign companies, according to a U.S. Senate investigation. A Senate committee concludes that Apple’s clever system meant it had no tax liability anywhere on much of its revenue. The corporation insists it always acts within the law.

June 3, 2013: Apple faces charges of illegal price fixing on e-books in a New York court. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, Apple and five U.S. publishers artificially pushed through higher prices for digital books at the launch of the iPad tablet, to the detriment of consumers. The publishers have since entered into multi-million dollar settlements with the U.S. government, with only Apple continuing to defend itself against the allegations.

Apple WWDC 2013

June 10, 2013: At its WWDC 2013 developer conference, Apple is declaring war on its rivals in the smartphone market with radically revamped iPhone software. The new version iOS 7 is the biggest change since the launch of the iPhone in 2007, said Apple CEO Tim Cook. With iOS 7 comes numerous new features and a significantly changed look. Among the other WWDC announcements are a complete redesign of the Mac Pro professional computer, a new version of the Mac OS X system and an Internet radio for listening to music over the Internet. Some innovations seem like a counter to Google’s world-leading smartphone system, Android.

September 10, 2013: Apple launches a slightly cheaper new iPhone for the first time in addition to a top-of-the-line model. The company unveiled the iPhone 5C at its annual smartphone event, featuring a plastic body in bright colors. Together with a new top model, it replaces the year-old iPhone 5 on September 20. The top version, called iPhone 5S, can now recognize users by their fingerprint. For this purpose, a scanner is hidden in the typical round button under the screen.

October 15, 2013: From British elegance to iPhones and iPads: Angela Ahrendts, the head of the fashion brand Burberry will in future lead the more than 400 Apple stores. Angela Ahrendts is moving to Apple in the spring. She will report directly to company CEO Tim Cook and also oversee the online stores. The head job at Apple’s retail division had been vacant for about a year after Ahrendts’ predecessor John Browett was fired after just a few months. Ahrendts announced in February 2019 that she would be leaving Apple again.

October 22, 2013: Apple defends its top position in the tablet market with a new iPad generation. The large model was made much thinner, lighter and more powerful. That’s why it got the new nickname iPad Air. Externally, the large model has been adapted to the design of the smaller iPad mini with narrow side edges. It is now only 7.5 millimeters thick instead of 9.4 millimeters before. The weight has been reduced from 700 to 500 grams. The price starts at $499, as before. Market launch is on November 1. As expected, the iPad mini has been upgraded with a higher resolution display. It now has as many pixels in the screen as the large model. Both versions got the same fast chip that Apple puts in its flagship iPhone 5s smartphone. The price of the most basic model of the iPad mini rose from $329 to $399 with the upgrades.

October 28, 2013: The new iPhone models are boosting Apple’s business again. In the fourth fiscal quarter from July to September 2013, revenue rose 4 percent to $37.5 billion. However, profits fell for the third time in a row, also due to higher development and marketing costs. Compared to the same period last year, Apple lost 9 percent here to a bottom line of $7.5 billion.

November 21, 2013: In the permanent patent case against Samsung in California, Apple gets a large part of the high damages payment confirmed. The original sum of just over one billion dollars decreased after a second trial by about 100 million. Samsung had demanded a drastic reduction. However, an appeal is still pending. If the verdict becomes final, Samsung would have to transfer a total of just under $930 million to Apple. In the second trial, which concluded Thursday, jurors awarded Apple about $290 million – significantly less than its original demand for billions in damages.

December 12, 2013: the Seoul Central District Court dismisses a damages lawsuit filed by the world’s largest smartphone maker, Samsung, against Apple. In the case, Samsung had accused the iPhone company of infringing three patents on technologies for mobile short messaging applications.

2014

January 24, 2014: At Wall Street Journal, the first rumors emerge that Apple plans to build a larger iPhone.

February 10, 2014: The showdown between Apple CEO Tim Cook and major shareholder Carl Icahn for Apple’s annual shareholder meeting is called off. Icahn drops his demand that Apple increase its ongoing share buyback to $50 billion this fiscal year. He had previously faced headwinds from an influential shareholder advisory group.

February 28, 2014: In the long-running dispute over patents in the mobile phone industry, the Mannheim Regional Court dismisses a billion-dollar lawsuit against Apple. Another chamber of the court came to the same conclusion in a similar case against cell phone manufacturer HTC, in which no damages had yet been claimed, only a finding of patent infringement. The losing patent exploiter IPCom immediately announced its appeal against these rulings.

March 31, 2014: Apple and Samsung’s second major patent trial in the U.S. begins in San Jose, California. Apple accuses Samsung of infringing five patents in the case. Among the ten devices affected by the South Korean smartphone market leader is the Galaxy S3 smartphone. Samsung, in turn, is taking aim at nine Apple models with two patents, including the iPhone 5 and iPad 4.

April 23, 2014:The iPhone is holding its own against growing competitive pressure, giving Apple renewed gains in revenue and profit. The company sold 43.7 million of its smartphones in the second fiscal quarter of 2014 (January-March). That was more than most analysts had expected. As a result, revenue in the second fiscal quarter ended March rose 4.7 percent year over year to $45.6 billion. Net income for the quarter was $10.2 billion. That was seven percent higher than in the year-ago quarter.

May 3, 2014: Apple also scores a win in its second patent trial against Samsung in California, but gets much less money than it asked for. Jurors award the iPhone company just under $120 million. Apple wanted a good 2.2 billion dollars in damages. The jury found two of five Apple patents in the trial not infringed. The first California patent trial had ended much better for Apple. In it, jurors had awarded Apple around $1 billion in damages in August 2012. The sum was later reduced to $930 million. All of Samsung’s accusations were dismissed. However, the appeal is still pending.

May 28, 2014: Apple buys headphone maker Beats for a total of three billion dollars. Beats’ founders, hip-hop star Dr. Dre and influential music producer Jimmy Iovine, will join Apple’s top management team. Beats is known for its headphones with the distinctive red “b” and also recently launched a streaming service for music.

July 16, 2014: Apple agrees to partner with IBM to make a stronger push into the enterprise business. More than 100 new apps for iPhone and iPad will map various business processes, the erstwhile rivals announced. IBM will also offer cloud services specifically adapted to Apple devices, as well as sell iPhones and iPads to its customers.

August 6, 2014: Apple and Samsung end their patent dispute outside the United States. Mutual lawsuits are dropped in all countries except the iPhone company’s home market. This includes the proceedings in German courts. The decision comes as a surprise, although tempers had already calmed down considerably recently.

August 19, 2014: Shortly before the launch of the new iPhones, investors are tearing around Apple shares: for the first time in two years, a share certificate of the group cost more than 100 dollars again on Tuesday. In New York trading, the price climbed to 100.49 dollars. The all-time high was marked in September 2012 at more than 700 dollars. However, that was before the company split its share certificates to make them more attractive to small investors. Taking into account the stock splits, the record is $100.72.

Sept. 7, 2014: Apple hires Marc Newson, a world-renowned industrial designer. Newson will join the team of Apple’s chief designer Jony Ive, Vanity Fair magazine reported, citing Apple. Newson designed items as diverse as watches, jewelry, furniture, flashlights, kitchen utensils, aircraft interiors and fashion over the course of his career. Among his clients were sporting goods manufacturer Nike and automaker Ford, and some of his work is on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

Tim Cook presents the Apple Watch (2014)

September 9, 2014: Apple ignites a fireworks display of new products at its traditional fall smartphone event: the company unveils a computer watch and new larger iPhones. An iPhone payment service is to replace the wallet. Group CEO Tim Cook presented the long-awaited Apple Watch, which is to take over various smartphone functions. The watch is the group’s first foray into a new product category since the iPad tablet more than four years ago. Apple also unveiled two iPhone models with significantly larger screens and a mobile payment system to rival the traditional wallet.

October 16, 2014: Apple introduces an improved iPad generation. The new devices got the fingerprint sensor known from the iPhone and faster chips. The larger Apple Air 2 model was also made 18 percent thinner. It is the thinnest tablet on the market, emphasizes marketing chief Phil Schiller. The company is also introducing a new iMac desktop computer with a dramatically increased screen resolution. The iPhone payment service Apple Pay is initially launching only in the U.S.

October 21, 2014: The iPhone 6 is proving to be a money machine for Apple right from the start. Apple earned just under $8.47 billion in the 4th fiscal quarter of 2014 (July-September). That was 12.7 percent more than in the same quarter last year – the strongest growth in almost two years. The main driver was the record launch of the iPhone 6 just two weeks before the end of the fourth fiscal quarter in September. Apple also sold more Mac computers than ever before in a quarter.

Apple CEO Tim Cook at the AllThingsD conference- D10. Photo: Asa Mathat/All Things Digital

October 30, 2014: Apple CEO Tim Cook comes out as gay. “I am proud to be gay,” the 53-year-old wrote in a contribution to the American business magazine “Businessweek”. Many colleagues at Apple already know that, he said. He said he hopes his move will help or inspire others. Cook had never commented publicly on the matter until now.

2015

January 27, 2015: The success of the iPhone 6 and a huge boom in China give Apple a record profit of $18 billion. Never before has a company worldwide earned so much in one quarter. The group sold 74.5 million iPhones in the Christmas business – almost half more than a year ago. Revenue in the first fiscal quarter ended in late December grew nearly 30 percent to $74.6 billion. Apple profits jumped more than 38 percent year over year on the equivalent of 15.9 billion. The stock climbed to a new all-time high of $120 two days later.

Apple Watch Sport, Apple Watch and Apple Watch Edition with 18-carat gold. Photo: Apple

April 24, 2015: The Apple Watch smartwatch hits the market. Due to high demand and a bottleneck in the supply chain, Apple initially sells the wrist computer only online and to some select fashion boutiques.

June 30, 2015: Apple launches its own music streaming service, Apple Music. Apple also competes with providers such as Spotify and Pandora with an Internet radio service (Beats One) and a social network for music lovers and artists (Apple Connect)

September 9, 2015: At its annual iPhone event, Apple expands the way a touch-sensitive smartphone display is operated for the first time since the launch of the first iPhone in 2007. For example, the strength of the pressure in “3D Touch” can be used to call up additional information or menus. This also offers new possibilities for game developers. Externally, the new iPhone 6S and the larger 6S plus look exactly like the current 6 models. However, the technology has been greatly updated. The chips are faster, the camera now has 12 megapixels and can also record video in particularly high Ultra HD quality. In addition, the housings are made of a new aluminum alloy.

September 9, 2015: Tim Cook also presents at the iPhone event a new edition of the TV box Apple TV, on which apps from the iTunes Store can now be installed. In addition takes a large tablet computer (“iPad Pro”) with a 12.9-inch Retina display in the program.

November 10, 2015: Apple is making its Apple Music streaming music service available to users of Google’s Android operating system just over four months after its launch.

2016

January 26, 2016: Another record-breaking record: Although Apple was barely able to increase iPhone sales in the  Christmas business. Sales increased by  0.4 percent to 76.8 million devices. That was enough, however, to achieve just under a new record profit of 18.4 billion (17 billion euros). Apple reached the mark of one billion active customers. The company is now sitting on a mountain of cash of $216 billion.

February 2, 2016: Alphabet’s holding company around search engine giant Google is running away from Apple for a day as the most expensive company in the stock market world. Apple shares have been under pressure for months due to weak forecasts for future iPhone sales and reports of weaker growth in the Chinese economy. However, Apple’s stock is rebounding in the spring of 2016, putting it well ahead of Alphabet again.

February 17, 2016: Apple’s commitment to unbreakable encryption is being put to its toughest test yet: A U.S. court is demanding help from Apple in unlocking the iPhone of one of the San Bernardino attackers. This escalates the current debate about encryption and counterterrorism, and the corporation comes under massive pressure. Apple CEO Tim Cook announced resistance to the demand. It is an “unprecedented step that puts the security of our customers at risk,” he wrote in an open letter.

February 21, 2016: Republican presidential contender Donald Trump calls for a boycott of Apple until the corporation relents. After the FBI, the U.S. Department of Justice is also demanding that Apple help investigators undermine the phone’s password protection. IT groups such as Alphabet/Google, Microsoft, Facebook and Twitter are showing solidarity with Apple.

March 21, 2016: Apple is softening its long-standing high-price strategy in the smartphone business, introducing a new smaller iPhone with up-to-date technology for the first time. The iPhone SE looks like the iPhone 5 on the outside – but incorporates various technologies from the current larger 6-series models, such as the faster processor, a 12-megapixel camera and an NFC chip for, among other things, mobile payment systems like Apple Pay. Apple is also introducing a small iPad Pro with a 9.7-inch display, making it the same dimensions as the iPad Air 2.

March 29, 2016: The sensational dispute between Apple and the U.S. government over unlocking the iPhone of a dead assassin is over for now. Investigators have succeeded in obtaining the data on the phone, assistance from Apple is no longer needed, court documents say. Presumably, the FBI, with the help of a company from Israel, used a zero-day security flaw to crack the iPhone %C

May 13, 2016: Apple is making a $1 billion (880 million euro) investment in Chinese Uber rival Didi Chuxing. The strategic investment is a coup for the Chinese ride-hailing service provider, which is in hot competition with U.S.-based Uber in the fast-growing Chinese market.

August 30, 2016: Apple is facing an unprecedented back tax payment of more than 13 billion euros after a decision by the EU Commission. The iPhone group had received illegal tax benefits in Ireland in this amount, decided the European competition watchdogs. Ireland would have to reclaim the illegal aid for the years 2003 to 2014 now plus interest. Apple and Ireland want to defend themselves against the decision.

September 8,2917: Apple introduces the iPhone 7, a new waterproof model without the familiar earphone jack. In addition, after almost a year and a half, there is the second version of the Apple Watch, which is even more focused on sports and fitness.

October28, 2016: Apple presents a new generation of MacBook Pro. In this notebook, the row of function keys has been replaced by a narrow touchscreen bar. Various buttons and controls are displayed there depending on the current application.

December 19, 2016: As announced, Apple and Ireland are taking legal action against the demand for back taxes of more than €13 billion. The Irish Ministry of Finance stated that the EU Commission had misunderstood the relevant facts and was interfering in national sovereignty in tax matters. Apple CFO Luca Maestri accused EU Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager of pursuing a political agenda.

2017

January 22, 2017: Apple is suing chipmaker Qualcomm, which provides wireless connectivity in many smartphones. Qualcomm is accused of charging excessive fees for patent licenses. The lawsuit also alleges that the chip company is withholding $1 billion in commissions as punishment for Apple’s cooperation with authorities in South Korea. Qualcomm denies the allegations.

February 1, 2017: Apple presents a brilliant balance sheet for the 2016 Christmas quarter: The iPhone 7 makes the company the smartphone market leader. Apple sold 78.3 million iPhones in the quarter. That was a new record after around 74.8 million devices in the previous quarter. After months of decline, sales rose by 3.3 percent to $78.4 billion. The good figures also drove up the share price.

April 15, 2017: Apple receives permission to test self-driving cars on public roads in California. However, it remains unclear how deeply the company intends to venture into the mobility business of the future. Apple is the 30th company to be issued such a license in the most populous US state.

May 23, 2017: Nokia and Apple settle their patent dispute and sign a multi-year licensing agreement. Nokia will receive an upfront payment and regular payments throughout the term of the agreement. Further financial details were not disclosed. The companies want to work more closely together in the future, including plans for “summit meetings” between top management. In December, Nokia and Apple had kicked off a new patent dispute with fierce mutual accusations.

September 12, 2017: Apple announces two new iPhone generations at the Steve Jobs Theater on the new Apple Park corporate campus. Apple wants to set a new standard in the smartphone business with a radically redesigned iPhone. On the iPhone X (which stands for 10, not the letter X), the screen fills most of the front of the device and the fingerprint scanner has been replaced by facial recognition. With a US starting price of $999, it is significantly more expensive than previous iPhone models and will be available on November 3. The iPhone 8, which was unveiled at the same time, is an upgrade of the iPhone 7 with the familiar Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Apple is also presenting the third generation of the Apple Watch, which is equipped with an LTE module.

December 12, 2017: Apple buys the music recognition app Shazam. The app can display the name of the song currently playing in the vicinity by accessing the microphones of a smartphone. To do this, the recording is compared with a database of all possible music tracks on the Shazam servers. According to information from the Financial Times, the price is $400 million.

December 29, 2017: Apple responds to fierce criticism of throttling performance in older iPhones with worn-out batteries. Customers with slow older iPhones will be able to get new batteries that could solve the problem at a significantly lower price in 2018. In Europe, a necessary battery replacement outside the warranty period for iPhone 6 and later models will cost €29 instead of the previous €89 until the end of next year. At the same time, the company assured that it would “never” intentionally degrade the user experience in order to sell more new devices. Apple had come under criticism for largely concealing the throttling by the iOS operating system from customers.

2018

January 18, 2018: Apple announces that, following the US tax reform, it will bring most of its enormous cash reserves of more than $250 billion back to its home country. In addition to an unprecedented tax payment of $38 billion (just under €31 billion), the company announced massive investments in the US and a new large location outside California. At that time, Apple had a mountain of cash worth a good $252 billion stored outside the US. Group CEO Tim Cook told ABC that a “vast majority” of these foreign profits would be brought back to America. The amount of the expected tax payment suggests that the group intends to leave very little of it abroad. The EU Commission emphasized that the move does not change its demand that Apple pay at least €13 billion in back taxes in Ireland. US President Donald Trump was quick to take credit for Apple’s decision.

Screenshot of the Trump tweet

February 9, 2018: Apple is launching its HomePod connected speaker, entering a market previously occupied by Sonos, Amazon and Google. Similar to its competitors, the HomePod can play music and respond to voice commands. However, the HomePod is said to score with users with better sound quality than its rivals.

March 27, 2018: Apple is looking to gain a stronger foothold in schools with an improved model of its iPad tablet. The device now also supports the Apple stylus, which previously only worked with the more expensive Pro models, the company announced at an event in Chicago. The new iPad version will be sold in Germany from 349 euros and is thus 50 euros cheaper than the previously cheapest iPad. For educational institutions set Apple a price of 335.58 euros. In the U.S., the starting price remains at $329 for consumers and $299 for schools. There is also new software that teachers can use to work digitally with their classes.

May 25, 2018: Late victory in patent dispute with Samsung: the Koreans must pay Apple some $539 million (about 460 million euros) for copying the iPhone’s design in the two smartphone giants’ years-long patent battle, according to a new court ruling. The jury thus boosted an original amount of $399 million contested by Samsung in 2012. Samsung had taken the case all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. That found fault with the original decision and sent the case back for a new trial in district court. This time, jurors were asked to decide whether Apple was entitled to all profits from the sale of a device because design patents had been infringed – or just a portion. They put the total in the middle of the possible range. The bulk of it is $533.3 million for infringement of three patents on 16 Samsung devices. Another $5.3 million was added for infringement of two more patents on four smartphones.

Apple had protected the look of the first iPhone with a design patent.

June 28, 2018: Apple and Samsung settle their tough patent dispute in the US after more than seven years. The terms of the out-of-court settlement were not disclosed. The California judge in charge of the case, Lucy Koh, ordered the case to be dismissed. The two companies did not comment on the settlement. Apple only referred to an earlier statement from May 2018, at which time the group had reiterated that Samsung had copied the iPhone design and that the case was about more than just money.

August 1, 2018: Apple announces the launch of Apple Pay in Germany.
The service will be launched “by the end of the year,” group CEO Tim Cook said in an analyst conference to present recent quarterly figures. September 12, 2018:

At the traditional presentation of new iPhone models, Apple introduces three devices at once. In addition to the iPhone XS and XS Max, there is also a new iPhone XR. It is not quite as expensive as the two top models, but it also does not have an OLED screen. Also, the main camera has only one lens instead of two on the XS models.

October 3, 2018: Apple’s stock hits an all-time high of $233.47 on the stock market. The weeks and months later, the price sinks again significantly. On the one hand, technology stocks are under pressure. On the other hand, it is becoming apparent that Apple will sell fewer iPhones in the 2018 Christmas quarter than the year before. In addition, business in China is suffering.

October 5, 2018: Apple denies a report by Bloomberg news agency that spy chips from China were installed on servers at Apple data centers.

2019

January 2, 2019:

Apple’s stock market value (January 2015 – February 2019)

Apple CEO Tim Cook issues a profit warning in a letter to investors.

January 29, 2019: Apple admits in presenting its official quarterly figures that the iPhone isn’t selling as well as it used to, but the company is still coming up with its usual billions in profits. That’s thanks to other products from the iPad to the Apple Watch, as well as its business providing services to existing customers.

March 15, 2019: Chip company Qualcomm wins a key trial in the U.S. in its global patent dispute with Apple Apple. Jurors in California concluded that Apple infringed three of Qualcomm’s patents, and awarded the chip company about $31.6 million.

March 18, 2019: Apple is launching the seventh generation of its iPad tablet computer. In addition to a new iPad Air with a 10.5-inch screen size,

The new iPad mini. Photo: Apple

Both devices use the Apple designed A12 Bionic chip, which is said to make the devices significantly faster compared to previous models. The iPad Air is said to achieve a 70 percent increase in performance and double the graphics performance, while the iPad mini Apple even promises a tripling of performance. In the iPad Air, the display has also been enlarged.

April 17, 2019:
Apple and chip specialist Qualcomm settle their bitter patent dispute after more than two years. The iPhone company will acquire a patent license and also purchase chips from Qualcomm. In addition, Qualcomm gets a payment from Apple, the amount initially remained unknown.

The settlement was announced in the middle of the pivotal trial in the dispute – while lawyers were still exchanging blows in court. A few hours later, Qualcomm rival Intel announced it was exiting the smartphone modem chip business.

April 30, 2019:
Apple s quarterly figures beat stock market expectations. The iPhone company is also distributing another $75 billion to investors via a share buyback. While there were year-over-year revenue declines in the iPhone and Mac computers, the company’s business in iPads, devices such as computer watches and earbuds devices, and online services grew.

June 27, 2019:

Apple design chief Jony Ive. Photo: Christoph Dernbach

Chief designer Jony Ive announces he will leave Apple. at the end of the year. He will start his own company, announced the iPhone maker. Apple will be among the most important clients of the new company LoveFrom. The 52-year-old Briton joined Apple in the early 1990s and has led the design team there since 1996. He is considered one of the key figures in the group. In the future, his colleagues Evans Hankey and Alan Dye are to report to board member Jeff Williams for the design team.

JONY IS A UNIQUE FIGURE IN THE DESIGN WORLD AND HIS ROLE IN APPLE’S REVIVAL CANNOT BE OVERSTATED.

APPLE CEO TIM COOK ON JONY IVE’S DEPARTURE

AFTER NEARLY 30 YEARS AND COUNTLESS PROJECTS, I AM MOST PROUD THAT AT APPLE WE HAVE CREATED A DESIGN TEAM, PROCESSES AND CULTURE THAT IS SECOND TO NONE.

JONY IVE ON HIS DEPARTURE FROM APPLE

September 10, 2019: Apple s new generation of iPhones is relying heavily on better cameras to boost recently slumping sales of its flagship product. The iPhone 11, which replaces the current iPhone XR as the entry-level model, gets, among other things, a night mode that is supposed to ensure good pictures in dark lighting conditions. And for the first time, even the cheapest iPhone model gets a dual camera setup that allows for wide-angle shooting, a full portrait mode and other improvements.

iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max. Photo: Christoph Dernbach

The successors to the current top iPhone XS and XS Max models are named iPhone 11 Pro and Pro Max. The devices are housed in a new type of stainless steel casing and now feature three cameras on the back – medium focal length, telephoto and ultra-wide angle. The new “Deep Fusion” function in the Pro models is supposed to produce particularly high-quality photos by evaluating multiple images. For this, the cameras take nine photos with different settings and put them together “pixel by pixel” to form an image

September 17, 2019: The legal battle between Apple and the EU Commission over Ireland’s record 13 billion euros in back taxes is coming to a head. The iPhone group reiterates before the EU court in Luxembourg that the income of two Irish subsidiaries had been taxable primarily in the United States. The Commission accuses Apple of only causing confusion. It stressed its view that Ireland had understated taxes. Apple, on the other hand, feels it is being asked to pay twice. “Apple is now paying around 20 billion euros in taxes in the U.S. on the same profits that, according to the Commission, should also be taxed in Ireland,” the U.S. company said. EU Competition Commissioner Margrethe Vestager had asked Apple in August 2016 to pay the billion in back taxes in Ireland because the country had given the group undue special treatment on tax terms.

December 10, 2019: One year after the launch of Apple Pay in Germany, significantly more consumers can use the iPhone company’s mobile payment service than before. Shortly before Christmas 2019, 371 of a total of 379 German savings banks launched the service for their approximately 50 million customers. Commerzbank, Norisbank and LBBW were also added as additional credit institutions in a single sweep. Commerzbank alone has around eleven million private customers. Initially, only credit cards and debit cards issued by the banks can be integrated. A solution for the Girocard, which is very widely used in Germany and which many consumers still know under the old brand name EC card, is still in the works. It will not come until late summer 2020.

2020

January 29, 2020: After a record Christmas 2019 with just over $22 billion in quarterly profits, Apple is having to battle turbulence from the new corona virus. Some supplier factories are located in the particularly affected region around the city of Wuhan, said company CEO Tim Cook. However, he said there were alternative sources for their products. He said it was unclear how things would develop at other suppliers, some of which had extended their usual Chinese New Year shutdown by a week. Compared to many other corporations, Apple is coming through the Corona crisis reasonably unscathed.

March 18, 2020:
Two years after its last major product offensive in the tablet computer market, Apple is introducing four new iPad models. The new iPad Pro have been equipped with a faster A12Z Bionic chip. Augmented reality (AR) applications in particular are expected to benefit from the better hardware equipment, which also includes a newly developed ultra-wide-angle camera and a new type of lidar scanner. With AR, virtual content is shown on a display mixed with the real environment. Lidar scanners, for example, are used by self-driving cars to scan their surroundings.

iPad Pro (2020)

April 10, 2020: Apple and Google, as providers of the world’s two leading smartphone platforms, want to make it easier to develop apps that track Corona infections. They are relying on distance detection with Bluetooth wireless technology and encryption. “User privacy and security will be at the heart of this development,” the two groups said. The iOS operating system of Apple’s iPhones and Google’s Android system are expected to get corresponding interfaces.

The concept is to allow smartphones to exchange temporary identification numbers regardless of the operating system used, thus preserving user privacy. Apple and Google, however, want to store the contact information only on users’ smartphones, not on a central server. Only when someone tests positive with Covid-19 would the information be transferred to a server, if the person agrees. The other smartphones periodically retrieve a list of the anonymized IDs of those with the disease from this concept to see if they themselves have had contact with an infected person.

Google and Apple and Google want to ensure, among other things, that the constant exchange of ID numbers does not significantly reduce the battery life of the devices. As a first step, the two companies said they would release an application programming interface (API) in May that would allow Android and iOS devices to work together using apps provided by health authorities. These official apps would be available for users to download through their respective app stores.

April 15, 2020: Apple is introducing a new smartphone amid the Corona crisis. The new entry-level iPhone SE looks exactly like the iPhone 8 on the outside, with its aluminum body and home button fingerprint reader. However, the US company has technically updated the device and installed the modern A13 Bionic processor from the current iPhone 11. In addition, the optics and electronics of the camera have been improved. With the new iPhone SE, Apple is aggressively priced by its standards. Compared to the less powerful hardware of the iPhone 8, the price has been reduced by 50 euros. Thus, the entry-level model is available from 479 euros (64 GB storage). The variant with 128 GB costs 529 euros, the largest with 256 GB strikes at 649 euros.

June 16, 2020 The German Robert Koch Institute (RKI) releases the Corona Warning app for the iPhone and Android smartphones. The app was developed on behalf of the RKI by Deutsche Telekom or the group’s subsidiary T-Systems and the software group SAP. The app is openly viewable as open source and relies on the technical interfaces of Apple and Google. With the decision to use the APIs of the two OS manufacturers, the dispute over the data protection concept also fell in favor of the decentralized storage concept. There is controversy in the public that only iPhone models from iOS 13 can run the Corona warning app. This leaves out popular models like the iPhone 6, 5s, 5 and older.

Die Bundesregierung wirbt für die Corona-Warn-App des RKI.

June 23, 2020:
Apple breaks out of the PC industry’s well-worn rut and switches its Mac computers from Intel processors to chips developed in-house. This means that future Apple computers will run on the same technical platform as the iPhones and iPad tablets. The first Macs with the new chip architecture are expected to hit the market at the end of the year, company CEO Tim Cook announced Monday. The company will be able to build better products with it, promised chief developer Johny Srouji. Large software providers such as Microsoft (Office) or Adobe (Photoshop) are already working on adapted versions of their programs, emphasized software boss Craig Federighi. Apple expects the transition to take two years, Cook said. At the same time, Macs with Intel chips will continue to be supported – and new devices with processors from the semiconductor company are also planned.

Apple switches from Intel CPUs to its own processors.
The three founders of Apple Computer: Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ron Wanye

Ron Wayne – The third Apple founder

When you talk about the founders of Apple, you first think of Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Jobs, the far-sighted business strategist – and “Woz”, the brilliant inventor. In fact, the Apple Computer Company was founded by three men: “Mr. Stephen G. Wozinak, Mr. Steven P. Jobs and Mr. Ronald G. Wayne”, as it is also stated in the company’s founding contract of April 1, 1976.

Three men founded Apple Computer on April 1st, 1976

Ron Wayne worked at Atari before founding Apple Computer, where he met Steve Jobs, who was involved in new game development. Through Jobs, Wayne became aware of Steve Wozniak, a brilliant hardware designer and engineer who had created the first usable personal computer that would go down in technological history as the Apple I.

But it soon became clear that the two Steves were pursuing very different goals: Steve Wozniak wanted to impress his pal’s guys at the Homebrew Computer Club with his brilliant development steps. Woz had no serious interest in making a big business out of it. Steve Jobs, on the other hand, quickly recognized the business potential. With a computer like Apple, I could break the dominance of the mainframes of companies like IBM and turn the personal computer into a mass product.

However, Jobs was not able to match his interests with Woz. Therefore he relied on Ron Wayne. So he and against this background offered him a minority share in the foundation of Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. Wayne had a 10 percent stake in the company, and Jobs and Wozniak each held 45 percent. Ron Wayne was to tip the scales when the two main players were at loggerheads with each other. “We both trusted him so much that he would resolve any conflicts we had,” said Steve Jobs.

The first larger order came from the Byte Shop

r Wayne got cold feet: “I was practically the adult in the room. I was in my 40s, those kids were around 20. Then about a week and a half later, when I had time to think, I did what most people thought was absolutely crazy. I had my name taken off the contract.”

Wayne was particularly worried about the financial obligations associated with the first major contract for Apple computers. Jobs was in the process of signing supply contracts for the Apple I with first customers like “The Byte Shop”. He was getting the components for it on tick.

“I had very good reasons to remove my name from the contract,” Wayne said in a 2016 TV interview looking back. “The main reason was that we had started a company. And if we failed, Jobs and Woz would not have had two nickels in their pockets. Who would be left to stick? Well, I had a house and a car, and a bank account, too. I was handy. So I was financially vulnerable. But I also wanted to be my own man. I also realized I was in the shadow of two grand. I was never gonna get my own project. I didn’t like the idea of spending the next 20 years behind piles of paper in an office. That was another reason to get out.”

Ron Wayne talks to Jules Pochy und Jérôme Schmidt (2016)

His co-founder Steve Wozniak could not understand this step. “I don’t know why Ron gave up. “He sold his shares and got out. He may have had good reasons. He got out and he was happy with it. He couldn’t see the big picture. But you couldn’t see the big picture at the time. There was only the Apple I.”

Wayne could not count on Steve Jobs’ understanding. Jobs described the process as follows: “He decided that he really wanted a VCR or something. So he sold us back 10 percent for eight hundred dollars.”

But there were also reservations in the opposite direction: “I didn’t know whether jobs were the kind of personality I wanted to work for either,” Wayne said in the ARTE interview (2016). “He was just the way he was. He knew exactly what he wanted to do. And it was better not to get in his way. You would end up with a footprint on your forehead. Jobs had a very aggressive character. And if you had to choose between Steve Jobs and an ice cube to warm them up, you’d snuggle up to the ice cube. But it was the only way he could achieve what he had achieved with Apple. Apple was Steve Jobs.”

So Wayne has no regrets about getting out of Apple so early: “Those kids were wild hotshots, like whether you have to hold a tiger by the tail. If I’d stayed with Apple, I’d have been caught in a hurry. I’d just be the richest man in the cemetery.”

One thing in life Wayne does regret, though. In the mid-nineties, he saw an ad in a magazine for a company that dealt with autographs and signatures. He remembered the old Apple contract that was lying around in a closet collecting dust. Finally, he sold the historical document for 500 dollars to the autograph dealer.

Years later, Wayne then saw on television how his old contract came under the hammer for almost 1.6 million dollars at the Sotheby’s auction house.

“I’m sorry for this incident. But what can I say? It’s the story of my life, right? A day late and a dollar short in my pocket.”

Ron Wayne has left his mark on Apple’s history even after he left as a shareholder. The first trace should be removed quickly because Steve Jobs did not like the first logo of the young company, which Wayne had designed. “In this logo, which they had me design, I captured Wozniak’s bizarreness. The logo with Newton in this Gothic frame with the ribbon and the inscription ‘Apple Computer Company’ was of course a 19th-century design, not a 20th-century design. I knew that already.”

The second mark was deeper: Jobs asked Wayne if he could design a case for the Apple II. Although his design was never used. But Apple adopted the basic design principle.

Design for a housing for the Apple II by Ron Wayne.

To this day, Wayne is amused by the thought that he may have influenced all his later work. “A typical computer today consists of a tower and a circuit board mounted vertically. The keyboard and screen are separate. In my design for the Apple II, I had a horizontal design with a horizontally mounted board. The keyboard was integrated into the housing. The monitor stood on top, as one unit. They used this design for all future models, the Macintosh and Lisa, and so on. All were built this way. This form was unique among modern computers.”

BBC feature about Ron Wayne

Project Purple 2 – How Apple developed the iPhone as a secret project

“The demo was not going well. Again. It was a late morning in the fall of 2006. Almost a year earlier, Steve Jobs had tasked about 200 of Apple’s top engineers with creating the iPhone. Yet here, in Apple’s boardroom, it was clear that the prototype was still a disaster. It wasn’t just buggy, it flat out didn’t work. The phone dropped calls constantly, the battery stopped charging before it was full, data and applications routinely became corrupted and unusable. The list of problems seemed endless. At the end of the demo, Jobs fixed the dozen or so people in the room with a level stare and said, «We don’t have a product yet.»

Cover Wired 02/2008

So starts Fred Vogelstein’s article in the U.S. technology magazine «Wired» (Feb. 2008) about the difficult launch of a product that would later turn the mobile phone industry upside down. Vogelstein is known for his well-researched reports and features. For example, he revealed (also for Wired) that the story of how the social network Facebook came into being was somewhat different than founder Mark Zuckerberg had repeatedly claimed.

For the «Untold Story» in Wired about the creation of the iPhone – a story that no one had told before – Fred Vogelstein interviewed countless actors and observers and was able to report on exciting details on this basis: Apple CEO Steve Jobs, for example, did not attack his employees screaming after the failed demo in the fall of 2006 – as he had done so many times before. This time, he remained completely calm. The silence made the panel even more nervous than a tantrum from Jobs. «That was one of the few times at Apple that a cold shiver went down my spine,» said one meeting attendee.

The iPhone’s back story goes back to 2002. Shortly after the unveiling of the first iPod, Apple executives were specifically looking at whether Apple should develop a (mobile) phone. Jobs realized early on that the boom in Blackberry smartphones in large companies in the USA would sooner or later spread to private customers. It was also foreseeable to him that the cell phones of the future would usually have an MP3 player built-in, so the dominance of the iPod as a mobile music player seemed threatened.

In the short term, however, Apple was not in a position to build a smartphone itself at the time. The iPod’s operating system was not made to handle complicated network operations or elaborate graphics. And no slim version of the Macintosh operating system OS X existed at the time that could have run on the phone chips available at the time.

Palm Treo 600

In particular, the sales success of the Palm Treo 600, which combined the functions of a cell phone, PDA and Blackberry, encouraged Steve Jobs in his intention to become active in the market for so-called convergence devices himself. In 2004, the iPod business already contributed to 16 percent of Apple’s revenue. But new developments such as the growing popularity of 3G cell phones and WiFi phones, as well as falling memory prices, were at least potentially threatening the iPod’s leadership position. In addition, new online music platforms were constantly being established to compete with Apple’s iTunes Store.

Quick action was now necessary, even though Apple itself was not yet ready for the development of an iPhone. In the search for cooperation partners, Steve Jobs chose Motorola. The U.S. mobile phone giant was celebrating great sales successes at the time with its RAZR design cell phone. Jobs also knew Motorola CEO Ed Zander from the time when Zander had worked in the top management of Sun Microsystems. The scenario called for Apple to concentrate fully on developing the music software, while Motorola and cellular provider Cingular would take care of the hardware and complicated network technology.

Jobs expected a worthy successor to the RAZR from Motorola, but was bitterly disappointed: Motorola didn’t present a new design gem, but only slightly modified the existing E398 model. The iTunes-compatible phone could only hold 100 songs. The music tracks could only be transferred to the cell phone via a PC. And on top of that, the ROKR E1 was extremely ugly in Steve Jobs’ eyes.


At the presentation of the Motorola ROKR E1 in September 2005, the Apple CEO made little effort to conceal his lack of enthusiasm for the first iTunes cell phone. Jobs coolly described it at the event as «an iPod shuffle on a cell phone» – and already suspected that the ROKR would be left behind by buyers. At that point, he was already pursuing completely different plans, namely to build his own music phone and to stop compromising with handset manufacturers or network operators.

Motorola ROKR E1

According to Vogelstein’s research, Jobs met with a handful of Cingular executives as early as February 2005 to discuss a partnership without Motorola. The panel included Cingular CEO Stan Sigman, who would be in charge of AT&T’s wireless business after Cingular was acquired by AT&T in December 1996. In the meeting, Steve Jobs made three things clear. Apple has the technology to build a revolutionary device. Apple is willing to enter into an exclusive agreement with a wireless provider. And – in the event that no provider takes up this business model – Apple is also prepared to enter the market itself as a virtual network provider and compete with the established carriers.

Compared to the situation in 2004, Apple had much better starting conditions for building its own smartphone at that time: As part of the secret work on an Apple tablet PC, the engineers in Cupertino had built up considerable knowledge of touchscreen technology that could also be transferred to a small device. In addition, with the ARM-11 chip, a microprocessor was finally on the market that could give a cell phone the necessary power for sophisticated smartphone and iPod applications. Furthermore, companies such as the British Virgin Group had proven that it was possible to earn money as a virtual network operator without having to operate transmission towers.

In the twelve months of negotiations with Cingular, Apple succeeded in doing nothing less than turning the established business model between cell phone producers and network operators on its head. In the era before the iPhone, providers alone determined the conditions under which services were offered in their network. The cell phones played only a minor role in this scenario and were also usually offered to consumers at absurdly low symbol prices. The subsidized cell phones were ultimately refinanced through long contract terms of the cell phone customers. This model worked quite well as long as the one-dollar or one-euro cell phones constantly attracted new customers who had not previously had a mobile communications contract. In cutthroat competition, however, low-cost cell phones were no longer enough to retain customers over the long term.

For ages, Apple’s recipe for success has included an almost paranoid secrecy associated with every new product. And with the iPhone, Steve Jobs personally made sure that the usual security precautions were once again tightened. Internally, the iPhone project was just called Purple 2 or P2. Jobs spread the development teams across the entire Apple campus in Cupertino so that no one could get an idea of the overall strength of the project team.

When Apple employees went to Cingular, they posed as Infineon employees, Wired reporter Vogelstein found out. The German chip company supplies the radio component of the iPhone. Jobs even made sure that hardly anyone within Apple got to see the overall concept of the iPhone. The hardware team had no idea what the user interface would look like until shortly before the iPhone was unveiled at MacWorld Expo in January 2007. Their dummy devices were loaded with fake software that had nothing to do with the eventual iPhone. And the software people were handed clumsy wooden boxes that ran their programs. According to Vogelstein’s research, only about 30 top people in the project were allowed to see the complete iPhone before MacWorld 2007.

The secrecy did not stop after the launch of the iPhone. Until today the details of the revenue sharing between AT&T and Apple are secret. However, analysts such as Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray, after analyzing the balance sheets, assume that Apple receives around 18 US dollars per month from AT&T for each iPhone customer. If this figure is realistic, Apple will take another $432 in commission over the course of the minimum contract period of 24 months, in addition to the hardware price of $399. It’s no wonder that cell phone manufacturers like Nokia and SonyEricsson looked to California with disbelief and envy – and providers like Vodafone now fear that the iPhone example will now set a precedent for other top cell phones.

Later, the head of Deutsche Telekom, René Obermann, found himself in a similar position to Cingular and AT&T in 2006. For Obermann, the sex appeal of the iPhone offered a unique opportunity to distract from the gray reality at T-Mobile and the entire Telekom Group. For this reason, Obermann also accepted conditions that he would otherwise not have accepted from any other cell phone manufacturer.

iPhone on the cover of Time Magazine

AT&T and T-Mobile wanted the iPhone in their product portfolios. Absolutely. They also respected the immense effort Apple had put into developing the iPhone. For example, Apple spent several million dollars on the purchase of equipment for antenna and network tests alone. In total, the development of the iPhone is said to have cost around 150 million dollars. At least in the U.S., the formula for business success with the iPhone worked. In the first 200 days, Apple sold four million iPhones, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced at the MacWorld Expo. According to a study by Canalys, the iPhone already captured third place in the «smart mobile devices» category in the 4th quarter of 2007 with a market share of 6.5 percent, behind Nokia (53 percent) and Blackberry manufacturer Research In Motion (11.4 %). This means that the iPhone was able to overtake other smartphone manufacturers such as Motorola, SonyEricsson, and Windows Mobile licensees such as HTC and Samsung right from the start. However, smartphones only account for a small fraction of the mobile phone market, which is worth billions.

Market success in Germany was more modest. In the first eleven weeks, T-Mobile sold just 70,000 iPhones, while in the U.S. an average of 20,000 devices crossed the counter every day. However, there are also many iPhone buyers in Germany who do not appear in any T-Mobile statistics because they acquired their dream phone on the gray market on the Internet or on a trip to the USA. Experts believe that one in four iPhones sold in the U.S. was not registered with AT&T.

About Mac-History.net

Mac History is a personal online project of Christoph Dernbach. He is a journalist living in Berlin, Germany

Apple Inc. in no way endorses or is affiliated with this site.
Apple, the Apple logo are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.

Impressum (German media law requires this.)

Legal / Contact

German media law requires this

Impressum

Mac-History ist ein Projekt von

Christoph Dernbach
Kantstr. 139
10623 Berlin

E-Mail: christoph (ät) dernbach (punkt) com

Inhaltlich Verantwortlicher gemäß § 55 Abs. 2 RStV:

Christoph Dernbach (Anschrift wie oben)

Das Projekt ist in keiner Weise mit der Apple Inc. verbunden. Apple, das Apple-Logo, Macintosh, iPhone, iPod, iPad, AirPod, HomePod, iCloud, iTunes sind eingetragene Warenzeichen der Apple Inc..

Datenschutzhinweise:

Ihr Besuch meiner Internetpräsenz wird protokolliert. Erfasst werden die aktuell von Ihrem Rechner verwendete IP-Adresse, Datum, Uhrzeit und die von Ihnen betrachteten Seiten. Ein Personenbezug ist im Allgemeinen nicht möglich. Eine Auswertung der Daten erfolgt nur in anonymisierter Form für statistische Zwecke. Falls Sie sich auf einer meiner Seiten als Mitglied registrieren lassen, werden sog. Cookies zur Authentifizierung verwendet. Cookies sind Textdateien, die auf Ihrem Computer gespeichert werden und die eine Analyse der Benutzung der Website durch die Anwender ermöglichen. Diese Cookies werden nur dann gelöscht, wenn Sie sich wieder abmelden (”ausloggen”). Sie können Cookies auch selbst löschen. Hinweise dazu und zum generellen Verändern der Cookie-Behandlung sind den Hilfedokumenten des jeweiligen Browsers entnehmen.

Google Analytics

Diese Website benutzt Google Analytics, einen Webanalysedienst der Google Inc. („Google“). Google Analytics verwendet sog. „Cookies“, Textdateien, die auf Ihrem Computer gespeichert werden und die eine Analyse der Benutzung der Website durch Sie ermöglichen. Die durch den Cookie erzeugten Informationen über Ihre Benutzung dieser Website (einschließlich Ihrer IP-Adresse, die jedoch mit der Methode _anonymizeIp() anonymisiert wird, so dass sie nicht mehr einem Anschluss zugeordnet werden kann) wird an einen Server von Google in den USA übertragen und dort gespeichert. Google wird diese Informationen benutzen, um Ihre Nutzung der Website auszuwerten, um Reports über die Websiteaktivitäten für die Websitebetreiber zusammenzustellen und um weitere mit der Websitenutzung und der Internetnutzung verbundene Dienstleistungen zu erbringen. Auch wird Google diese Informationen gegebenenfalls an Dritte übertragen, sofern dies gesetzlich vorgeschrieben oder soweit Dritte diese Daten im Auftrag von Google verarbeiten. Google wird in keinem Fall Ihre IP-Adresse mit anderen Daten von Google in Verbindung bringen. Sie können die Installation der Cookies durch eine entsprechende Einstellung Ihrer Browser Software verhindern; wir weisen Sie jedoch darauf hin, dass Sie in diesem Fall gegebenenfalls nicht sämtliche Funktionen dieser Website vollumfänglich nutzen können. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit der Bearbeitung der über Sie erhobenen Daten durch Google in der zuvor beschriebenen Art und Weise und zu dem zuvor benannten Zweck einverstanden.
Sie können der Erhebung der Daten durch Google-Analytics mit Wirkung für die Zukunft widersprechen, indem sie ein Deaktivierungs-Add-on (http://tools.google.com/dlpage/gaoptout?hl=de) für Ihren Browser installieren.

Cookies und Meldungen zu Zugriffszahlen (VG Wort)

Wir setzen „Session-Cookies“ der VG Wort, München, zur Messung von Zugriffen auf Texten ein, um die Kopierwahrscheinlichkeit zu erfassen. Session-Cookies sind kleine Informationseinheiten, die ein Anbieter im Arbeitsspeicher des Computers des Besuchers speichert. In einem Session-Cookie wird eine zufällig erzeugte eindeutige Identifikationsnummer abgelegt, eine sogenannte Session-ID. Außerdem enthält ein Cookie die Angabe über seine Herkunft und die Speicherfrist. Session-Cookies können keine anderen Daten speichern. Diese Messungen werden von der Kantar Deutschland GmbH nach dem Skalierbaren Zentralen Messverfahren (SZM) durchgeführt. Sie helfen dabei, die Kopierwahrscheinlichkeit einzelner Texte zur Vergütung von gesetzlichen Ansprüchen von Autoren und Verlagen zu ermitteln. Wir erfassen keine personenbezogenen Daten über Cookies.

Viele unserer Seiten sind mit JavaScript-Aufrufen versehen, über die wir die Zugriffe an die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort (VG Wort) melden. Wir ermöglichen damit, dass unsere Autoren an den Ausschüttungen der VG Wort partizipieren, die die gesetzliche Vergütung für die Nutzungen urheberrechtlich geschützter Werke gem. § 53 UrhG sicherstellen.

Datenschutzerklärung zur Nutzung des Skalierbaren Zentralen Messverfahrens

Unsere Website und unser mobiles Webangebot nutzen das „Skalierbare Zentrale Messverfahren“ (SZM) der Kantar Deutschland GmbH für die Ermittlung statistischer Kennwerte zur Ermittlung der Kopierwahrscheinlichkeit von Texten.

Dabei werden anonyme Messwerte erhoben. Die Zugriffszahlenmessung verwendet zur Wiedererkennung von Computersystemen alternativ ein Session-Cookie oder eine Signatur, die aus verschiedenen automatisch übertragenen Informationen Ihres Browsers erstellt wird. IP-Adressen werden nur in anonymisierter Form verarbeitet.

Das Verfahren wurde unter der Beachtung des Datenschutzes entwickelt. Einziges Ziel des Verfahrens ist es, die Kopierwahrscheinlichkeit einzelner Texte zu ermitteln.

Zu keinem Zeitpunkt werden einzelne Nutzer identifiziert. Ihre Identität bleibt immer geschützt. Sie erhalten über das System keine Werbung.

Rechtliche Hinweise:
Ich bin um die Richtigkeit und Aktualität der auf diesen Internetpräsenz bereitgestellten Informationen bemüht. Trotzdem können Fehler und Unklarheiten nicht vollständig ausgeschlossen werden. Ich übernehme deshalb keine Gewähr für die Aktualität, Richtigkeit, Vollständigkeit oder Qualität der bereitgestellten Informationen. Für Schäden materieller oder immaterieller Art, die durch die Nutzung oder Nichtnutzung der dargebotenen Informationen bzw. durch die Nutzung fehlerhafter und unvollständiger Informationen unmittelbar oder mittelbar verursacht werden, hafte ich nicht, sofern mir nicht nachweislich vorsätzliches oder grob fahrlässiges Verschulden zur Last fällt. Ich behalte mir vor, Teile des Internetangebots oder das gesamte Angebot ohne gesonderte Ankündigung zu verändern, zu ergänzen, zu löschen oder die Veröffentlichung zeitweise oder endgültig einzustellen.

Trotz sorgfältiger inhaltlicher Kontrolle übernehme ich keine Haftung für die Inhalte externer Links. Für den Inhalt der verlinkten Seiten sind ausschließlich deren Betreiber verantwortlich.

Layout und Inhalte dieser Seiten sind urheberrechtlich geschützt.

Apple Inc. in no way endorses or is affiliated with this site.
Apple, the Apple logo are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.

In Memoriam: Steve Jobs and the Future of Apple

Steve Jobs was a visionary, a genius, a perfectionist, and sometimes a difficult contemporary. When the Apple co-founder died in 2011 at the age of 56, many Apple fans saw a bleak future for the company. However, things turned out differently.

It was unimaginable to think of Apple without Steve Jobs. But on October 5, 2011, the inevitable occurred: the charismatic Apple co-founder lost his long battle with cancer. Six weeks prior, on August 24, 2011, Jobs had appointed his confidant Tim Cook as the company’s new CEO. The decision surprised many observers as Cook had made a name for himself as a logistics and manufacturing expert, but he lacked the charisma that Jobs had regularly used to captivate the masses.

One of the skeptics was Larry Ellison, who had been close friends with the Apple co-founder for years. The head of software giant Oracle believed that Apple was doomed without Steve Jobs. In a TV interview, he drew a parallel to 1985, when Apple’s board of directors forced Steve Jobs out of the company. Over the next 12 years, Apple fell into such disrepair that by 1997 the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, and Jobs was brought back as a savior. “We saw Apple with Steve Jobs, we saw Apple without Steve Jobs. We saw Apple with Steve Jobs. Now we’re going to see Apple without Steve Jobs,” Ellison said. “I like Tim Cook. I think there are a lot of talented people there. But Steve is irreplaceable.”

But things have turned out very differently after Jobs’ death than Ellison had feared. Apple is selling more devices and services than ever before. In August 2018, the iPhone maker made financial history as the first U.S. company to reach a trillion-dollar valuation on the stock market. Just two years later, it was two trillion. In addition to the stock market boom, experts say the company’s customer loyalty was a major factor in its rise. “When a new user starts using an Apple smartphone, they tend to stay with an Apple smartphone,” says Jeriel Ong, an equity analyst at Deutsche Bank.

And the rally is not over. Since October 2011, the share price has risen from around $13 to an all-time high of just under $150. Cook is also regularly rewarding shareholders with dividends, something Jobs always refused to do.

With the iPhone, Cook has managed to attract new groups of buyers. He also expanded the range of accessories, such as the Apple Watch computer watch and AirPods earphones, and launched subscription services such as iCloud and Apple TV+. It has also been able to charge higher prices for its products, so much so that a large portion of the industry’s profits now go to Apple.

Revenue and Profit, Apple Inc. (Calendar Year)

Still, Tim Cook is not a great presenter on stage. However, he has now set the tone that sets him apart from his predecessor. One example is the environment. In 2008, Steve Jobs had a heated exchange with Greenpeace when the environmentalists demanded that Apple stop using brominated flame retardants in its products. These can be toxic, difficult to break down in the environment, and accumulate in living organisms.

Under Cook’s leadership, Apple not only eliminated the controversial BFRs, but also all other environmental toxins in its manufacturing. He also switched the company entirely to renewable energy. This ambitious project will now be extended to the entire supply chain.

This change has also been noted by Greenpeace. “Since Tim Cook took the helm at Apple, he has made environmental protection an important part of the company’s identity,” the organization said in 2017, when it published a report on environmental standards at electronics manufacturers. Apple only lost out to smartphone maker Fairphone in the Greener Electronics ranking because the Dutch company’s devices are easier to repair.

In addition to the environmental issue, Apple under Cook is also trying harder to differentiate itself from the competition in the area of privacy. Last April, for example, Apple changed its iPhone software so that providers like Facebook would have to ask users for permission if they wanted to track their activities across different apps and websites. Jobs had announced this privacy principle at the D8 conference in 2010, but left the implementation to his successor.

When it comes to privacy, Cook already made his mark in 2016. At the time, the FBI demanded that Apple manipulate the iPhone’s iOS operating system to allow law enforcement to search the locked iPhone of the shooter in the San Bernardino terrorist attack. Cook rejected the request, saying it would not undermine the security features of the products.

But Cook has also faced setbacks on the issue. For example, Apple shelved plans to introduce a scanning feature on the iPhone that would prevent child abuse images from being uploaded to the cloud. There had been an outcry that Apple was taking the wrong approach in the legitimate fight against child pornography.

The biggest shortcoming of the Cook era, however, is that Jobs’ successor has yet to come up with a revolutionary new product. His predecessor regularly produced “one more thing” that disrupted entire industries: the iMac in 1999, the iPod and iTunes music service in 2001, the revolutionary iPhone in 2007, and the iPad in 2010. Under Cook, there have been rumors of revolutionary new products such as an Apple car or glasses for augmented reality applications, but so far Apple fans are waiting in vain.

In this context, Cook’s critics point to a quote from Steve Jobs written in large letters on the wall of Apple’s old headquarters: “If you do something and it turns out pretty good, then you should go do something else wonderful, not dwell on it for too long. Just figure out what’s next.”

Steve Jobs quote in the old Apple Campus

The History of the Apple Macintosh

The Apple Macintosh revolutionized the entire computer industry by the year of 1984. Steve Jobs and his ingenious Macintosh team arranged for the computer to be used by the normal “person in the street” – and not only by experts.

“Insanely great” – Steve Jobs could hardly put into words his enthusiasm by the launch of the Macintosh. On the legendary annual general meeting of January 24th, 1984, in the Flint Center not far from the Apple Campus in Cupertino, the Apple co-founder initially quoted Bob Dylan’s “The Times They Are A-Changin’” in order to then polemicize against an imminent predominance of the young computer industry by IBM.

Steve Jobs’ introduction of the Apple Macintosh:

The early 1980s. 1981 – Apple II has become the world’s most popular computer, and Apple has grown to a 300 million dollar corporation, becoming the fastest growing company in American business history. With over fifty companies vying for a share, IBM enters the personal computer market in November of 1981, with the IBM PC.

1983. Apple and IBM emerge as the industry’s strongest competitors, with each selling approximately one billion dollars worth of personal computers in 1983. The shakeout is in full swing. The first major personal computer firm goes bankrupt, with others teetering on the brink. Total industry losses for 1983 overshadow even the combined profits of Apple and IBM.

It is now 1984. It appears that IBM wants it all. Apple is perceived to be the only hope to offer IBM a run for its money. Dealers, after initially welcoming IBM with open arms, now fear an IBM dominated and controlled future and are turning back to Apple as the only force who can ensure their future freedom.

IBM wants it all, and is aiming its guns at its last obstacle to industry control, Apple. Will Big Blue dominate the entire computer industry? The entire information age? Was George Orwell right?

The crowd, among them the complete Macintosh developer’s team, shouted back: “Nooooo!”

The introduction of the first Mac on January 24th, 1984; taken from the “Lost 1984 Videos”

There had been only two milestone products so far: the Apple II in 1977 and the IBM PC in 1981, Jobs continued. “Today (…) we are introducing the third industry milestone product, the Macintosh. Many of us have been working on Macintosh for over two years now and it has turned out insanely great.”


Steve Jobs

Taking a look at the history of the personal computer today, Steve Jobs was on the right track with his historical comparison. However, it would not be IBM that became the great dominator of the computer industry over the years, but rather, the alliance of Microsoft and Intel.

Previous to the Macintosh developer team, others had already tried to design a computer with a mouse and a graphical user interface – one year before Apple did, with its own business computer Lisa, which retailed for 10,000 dollars.

Continue reading

Archrival and Knight in Shining Armor: Microsoft’s Relationship with Apple

Microsoft and Apple have been business partners and tough competitors for many years. Back in the seventies, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates worked close together. In 1997 the Windows-manufacturer helped Steve Jobs saving Apple.

In the early seventies, there was no such thing as a personal computer. It took geniuses and visionaries like Steve Wozniak and Bill Gates to invent this new industry. The early computer geeks were energized by the arrival of the January 1975 issue of Popular Mechanics, which had on its cover the first personal computer kit, the Altair. The Altair wasn’t a real computer —more a $495 pile of parts that had to be soldered to a board that would then do little—but for hobbyists and hackers, it heralded the dawn of a new era. Bill Gates and Paul Allen read the magazine and started working on a version of BASIC, an easy-to-use programming language, for the Altair. It also caught the attention of Jobs and Wozniak.

Later Steve Jobs had to ask for the Microsoft BASIC because his friend Wozniak didn’t finish his own version of BASIC for the Apple II. “He was very childlike,” said Jobs later to the author of his biography, Walter Isaacson, about “Woz”. “He did a great version of BASIC, but then never could buckle down and write the floating-point BASIC we needed, so we ended up later having to make a deal with Microsoft. He was just too unfocused.”

With the rise of the Apple II in the late seventies, Microsoft became more and more successful – even before the IBM PC was invented. When Apple developed the Macintosh Bill Gates and his team was the most important software partner – despite the fact that Microsoft was also the driving force behind the IBM PC and the PC clones. And Steve Jobs even invited Bill Gates for the preview of the Mac: The high point of the October 1983 Apple sales conference in Hawaii was a skit based on a TV show called The Dating Game. Jobs played emcee, and his three contestants, whom he had convinced to fly to Hawaii, were Bill Gates and two other software executives, Mitch Kapor and Fred Gibbons. As the show’s jingly theme song played, the three took their stools.

Gates, looking like a high school sophomore, got wild applause from the 750 Apple salesmen when he said, “During 1984, Microsoft expects to get half of its revenues from software for the Macintosh.” Jobs, clean-shaven and bouncy, gave a toothy smile and asked if he thought that the Macintosh’s new operating system would become one of the industry’s new standards. Gates answered, “To create a new standard takes not just making something that’s a little bit different, it takes something that’s really new and captures people’s imagination. And the Macintosh, of all the machines I’ve ever seen, is the only one that meets that standard.”

Title of BusinessWeek (October 3rd, 1983)

But even as Gates was speaking, Microsoft was edging away from being primarily a collaborator with Apple to being more of a competitor. It would continue to make application software, like Microsoft Word, for Apple, but a rapidly increasing share of its revenue would come from the operating system it had written for the IBM personal computer. The year before, 279,000 Apple IIs were sold, compared to 240,000 IBM PCs and its clones. But the figures for 1983 were coming in starkly different: 420,000 Apple IIs versus 1.3 million IBMs and its clones. And both the Apple III and the Lisa were dead in the water.

Just when the Apple sales force was arriving in Hawaii, this shift was hammered home on the cover of Business Week. Its headline: “Personal Computers: And the Winner Is . . . IBM.” The story inside detailed the rise of the IBM PC. “The battle for market supremacy is already over,” the magazine declared. “In a stunning blitz, IBM has taken more than 26% of the market in two years, and is expected to account for half the world market by 1985. An additional 25% of the market will be turning out IBM-compatible machines. (Walter Isaacson, p. 159-160)

Apple boss John Sculley’s marketing strategy for the launch of the Macintosh was obvious. The former Pepsi manager, who had been brought to Apple by Steve Jobs, intended to arrange a duel between IBM and Apple, black vs. white, with Apple playing the role of the underdog. Sculley wrote in his book Odyssey:

So we needed a campaign that would focus on a two-horse race to leverage off of Apple’s underdog status. Dozens of other computer companies were coming out with products and I was afraid we were going to get lost in the crowd. If we could create a two-horse race between us and IBM, we might be able to convince people that there are really only two computer companies competing in the marketplace. In any large consumer industry, few people remember the third- or fourth-largest competitor.

In the fight against competitors such as Atari, Commodore, Sinclair and Amstrad, the Apple strategy paid off well. But Sculley, as well as Steve Jobs, had completely underestimated that Microsoft, being an ally from the outset, would, with the aid of Apple, develop into a dominant power of the PC industry and even dwarf IBM.

Bill Gates und Paul Allen (1981)

Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft as a small software company in Albuquerque (New Mexico) in 1975 and developed the programming language BASIC for the legendary computer MITS Altair in collaboration with other co-workers. Due to fortunate circumstances, Microsoft landed an order from IBM to deliver not only BASIC but also the operating system for the first IBM PC in 1980. In the negotiation phase, the then-leading operating system manufacturer Digital Research (CP/M) did not want to engage in page-filling adhesion contracts from IBM – and thus lost this gigantic deal.

Microsoft did not have any operating system then, but this did not prevent Bill Gates and his companion Steve Ballmer from playing for high stakes while facing IBM. From their neighboring software shack Seattle Computers (in the meantime, Microsoft had moved to the northwest of the USA) they bought all rights for QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) for no less than 50,000 dollars in July 1981 and renamed it as MS-DOS. Gates had been clever enough at that time not to have all rights to the system negotiated away by the IBM crew and was, therefore, able to win clone companies such as Compaq as customers later.

When Microsoft provided their BASIC for the Apple II, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates constantly ran into each other at that time. “Even before we finished our work on the IBM PC, Steve Jobs came and talked about what he wanted to do, what he thought he could do, sort of a Lisa but cheaper. We said boy, we’d love to help out”, Gates remembers. “The Lisa had all its own applications, but of course, they required a lot of memory, ah, and we thought we could do better, and so Steve signed a deal with us to actually provide bundled applications for the first Mac, and so we were big believers in the Mac and what Steve was doing there.”

Apple urgently needed software for the Mac, as there did not yet exist any program for the new system except for their in-house products MacWrite and MacPaint. Gates promised to have the programs Chart and File written for the Mac in addition to the spreadsheet program Excel. Steve Jobs appreciated the risk Microsoft took, but was not content with the first results though. “Most people don’t remember, but until the Mac, Microsoft was not in the applications business… it was dominated by Lotus. And Microsoft took a big gamble to write for the Mac.”

Apple still could have coped well with having given Microsoft’s new application business a leg up. However, Bill Gates tasted blood in the Macintosh project. Jeff Raikes, who was responsible for the Office business at Microsoft until early 2008, reviews: “And so we got started in early 1982 on our Macintosh software effort and I think at that point in time, you know, it really clicked with Bill that, you know, graphic user interface was going to be the way, the way of the future. But while Bill was having his own GUI revelation, Jobs believed that Apple’s true enemy was IBM.”

Raikes joined Apple Computer as the VisiCalc Engineering Manager in 1980. He worked at Apple for fifteen months before being recruited to Microsoft by Steve Ballmer in 1981 as a product manager. He was promoted to director of applications marketing in 1984 and was the chief strategist behind Microsoft’s investments in graphical applications for the Apple Macintosh and the Microsoft Windows operating system. In this role, he drove the product strategy and design of Microsoft Office. 

Steve Jobs didn’t see much risk in bringing Microsoft into the Macintosh project. After all, the division of labor between Apple and Microsoft had worked well on the Apple II. The Apple II used some Microsoft software and Jobs reached out to Microsoft this time too. He didn’t want the company to make the Mac’s operating system. Apple was building that on its own. But he did want it to make stuff like spreadsheet software, and word processing.

Andy Hertzfeld, the technical lead for the Macintosh system software, recalls in the podcast “Land of the Giants” with Peter Kafka: “Microsoft was the first Macintosh developer. There was a partnership relationship from the very beginning between both companies. We needed to recruit the right partners that had both the technical skill and the vision to want to write software for the Macintosh. So Microsoft was the very first company we recruited.”

But Hertzfeld thought Microsoft wasn’t just going to be a partner. He thought Bill Gates was going to be a competitor too. “So I picked up on the idea that maybe Microsoft was besides writing applications, they were going to make their own version of the Macintosh. Seemed pretty obvious to me.” One of the guys on Microsoft’s Mac team was asking many questions about the Mac’s guts. He probably didn’t need to know this stuff to make software for the Mac.

Andy Hertzfeld: “I told Steve about it. He kind of laughed it off at first. He thought Microsoft didn’t have the skill to be able to do that.” Steve Jobs was half right. Microsoft didn’t create its own Macintosh. Instead, it created new software that turned other people’s computers into a sort of Macintoshes. And he used that same idea for a graphics-based interface. Gates it turned out had seen what Xerox Park was doing too. He unveiled his plan a few months before the Macintosh debuted.

Andy Hertzfeld: “In November of 1983 they announced their first version of Windows. Steve freaked out. He goes: ‘Get Gates down here right now.’ And I was thinking how are you going to do that? But like in a matter of hours Bill Gates was there. Steve just screamed at him. But Bill’s credit: he just listened to Steve scream and finally responded with a fairly famous response about where Steve said: ‘You’re ripping us off, you’re ripping us off’. And Bill said something like: “Well that’s not how I think about it. It’s more like we both had a rich neighbor named Xerox and you went in to steal the television set and found out it was already stolen.'”

Quote of the movie: “Pirates of Silicon Valley” – Microsoft steals from Apple

In June of 1985, Bill Gates sent a remarkable memo to both the then-CEO of Apple, John Sculley, and then-head of Macintosh development, Jean Louis Gassée, and urged them to spread their wings by licensing their hardware and operating system to other companies.

Apple must make Macintosh a standard. But no personal computer company, not even IBM, can create a standard without independent support. Even though Apple realized this, they have not been able to gain the independent support required to be perceived as a standard.

Apple ignored his advice.

Five months after he sent the memo, Windows 1.0 was released. Microsoft’s decision to do exactly as Gates had recommended to Apple resulted in market domination. If Apple had taken Gates’ advice, things could have been very different.

Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak has since said:

The computer was never the problem. The company’s strategy was. Apple saw itself as a hardware company; in order to protect our hardware profits, we didn’t license our operating system. We had the most beautiful operating system, but to get it you had to buy our hardware at twice the price. That was a mistake. What we should have done was calculate an appropriate price to license the operating system. We were also naive to think that the best technology would prevail. It often doesn’t.”

(Source: Great Business Letters)

Windows 2.03

Windows 1.01 was based on DOS and was incredibly slow, but it reminded one of the Macintosh GUI in some features. In order to prevent Apple from taking legal action, Gates put the screws on Apple boss Sculley. His message was: As soon as Apple sends out the lawyers, Microsoft will immediately stop the development of Word and Excel for the Mac. Since Apple was depending on the Microsoft applications, Sculley licensed some of the Mac technologies to Microsoft.

As Microsoft went public with the next large version leap of Windows 2.03 at the beginning of 1988, Sculley tried to pull the ripcord and sued Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard for copyright infringement on March 17, 1988. John Sculley had been in a difficult situation, particularly as he had engaged in vague formulations in the contract with Microsoft in 1985, which gave great leeway to Gates and his lot. Moreover, he knew that his chances to win an action against Microsoft had been, purely from a legal viewpoint, not particularly good: “The look and feel, which is how it looks, the experience of using it, was not patentable, but it was copyrightable, but there was no precedent law. This was going to be a precedent-setting case.”

Parody of an advertising spot for Windows featuring Steve BallmerBill Gates recalls also reluctant this time.: “But it was a period of five years where, Microsoft er, our whole strategy would have been ruined because Windows was very important to us. (…) We assumed that the lawyers, the judges would all come to the right conclusion which eventually they did.” Sculley: “And Apple lost. But in that period of about six years that this case was going on it may have lulled us into a bit of complacency thinking that we were going to be insulated, you know, from the Windows attack.”

Windows 3.1

The introduction of Windows 3.1 in 1992 brought Microsoft the breakthrough in the “GUI war”. The system lacked the elegance and usability of the Macintosh system 7.0, but Windows appeared good enough to most PC users. With the help of Windows 95, which had been introduced with gigantic effort on August 24, 1995, Microsoft caught up closer to the Mac and in some aspects even appeared more progressive than the Mac OS, which had become dated in the meantime.

Steve Jobs, who, as the head of NeXT, had observed the advance of Windows from a distance, did not have any kind words for Bill Gates at the launch of Windows 95:

The only problem with Microsoft is they just have no taste, they have absolutely no taste, and what that means is – I don’t mean that in a small way, I mean that in a big way. In the sense that they don’t think of original ideas and they don’t bring much culture into their product, and you say why is that important – well you know proportionally spaced fonts come from type setting and beautiful books, that’s where one gets the idea – if it weren’t for the Mac, they would never have that in their products and so I guess I am saddened, not by Microsoft’s success – I have no problem with their success, they’ve earned their success for the most part. I have a problem with the fact that they just make really third rate products.

It is claimed that Jobs has apologized to Bill Gates for this remark later.

Steve Jobs about Microsoft (1995)

The relationship between Apple and Microsoft – and thus also between Steve Jobs and Bill Gates – did not get back to normal before the summer of 1997, when Steve Jobs returned to Apple and engaged in the support of Microsoft to make the troubled company profitable again.

Bill Gates on the video screen at the MacWorld Expo 1997 in Boston

Many faithful Apple fans still remember with horror the moment when Steve Jobs announced the former archrival very pragmatically as the knight in shining armor at the MacWorld Expo 1997 in Boston with Bill Gates appearing on an oversized video screen just like “Big Brother.” Introducing Gates, Jobs said: “We have to let go of the notion that in order to for Apple to win, Microsoft has to lose. Relationships that are destructive don’t help anybody. The era of setting this up as a competition between Apple and Microsoft is over.”

According to certain rumors, Microsoft invested 150 million dollars in 150,000 Apple stocks and paid another 100 million dollars for copyright infringement over the past few years. At the same time, Gates obliged himself to continue the development of the Internet Explorer and Microsoft Office for the Mac for the following five years. Gates drew hisses from the audience of Apple faithful. The crowd also groaned when Steve Jobs said Apple would make Microsoft’s Internet Explorer the default browser for viewing the World Wide Web on Macintosh computers. That development was a blow to Netscape Communications Corp., which made a more popular competing browser and lost later on in the famous “browser war” against Microsoft.

In October 2015 Steve Ballmer appeared on Bloomberg TV where the former executive briefly touched on Microsoft’s monumental 1997 investment in Apple.

At the time, Microsoft’s deal with Apple not only helped rescue the company from the brink of bankruptcy, it gave Apple a much-needed lifeline, affording the company room and time to innovate. And as we all know, the deal ultimately helped set Apple up for the most astounding tech resurgence in history.

In 2010 – after a stunning comeback – Apple Inc. overtook Microsoft Corp. to become the most valuable technology company on optimism it can keep adding customers for its iPhone, Macintosh computer, and iPad. On May 26th by 4 p.m. New York time in Nasdaq Stock Market trading, Apple’s market value was at $222.1 billion, higher than Microsoft’s $219.2 billion. That made Apple the most valuable technology firm in the world.

In an interview with Kara Swisher and Walt Mossberg from the Wall Street Journal, Apple CEO Steve Jobs downplayed the significance of Apple’s passing Microsoft in market value. “For those of us who have been in the industry a long time, it’s surreal,” Jobs said. “But it doesn’t matter very much, it’s not what’s important.

“It’s not why any of our customers buy our products. So I think it’s good for us to keep that in mind.”

“They just don’t get it.” That’s how Steve Jobs described his digital rivals Microsoft and Google in an interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson.

For his biography, “Steve Jobs,” Isaacson conducted more than 40 taped interviews with the Apple co-founder and CEO – all of them done while Apple was on its ascent with one great product after another, but Jobs was on his decline, ill with a form of pancreatic cancer that would end his life at age 56.

Update:

JOBS AND GATES TOGETHER
The boy wonders of computing, now thirtysomething, argue over where innovation comes from and where PCs will go.


By Steven P. Jobs, William H. Gates III, Brenton R. Schlender
 
August 26, 1991

(FORTUNE Magazine) – The two college dropouts most responsible for unleashing the PC revolution rarely see each other anymore, though they say that they’re still friends. At FORTUNE’s invitation, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs met for a Sunday evening in late July to discuss the prospects for the tumultuous industry they shaped. Gates, 35, left Harvard in 1975 to co-found Microsoft. His big break came in 1980, when IBM asked him to provide the operating system — the program that manages a computer’s inner workings — for its now famous PC.
 
Jobs, 36, who left Reed College to sojourn in India, is best known for co-founding Apple Computer. He led the development of the Macintosh, a computer much easier to use than IBM’s somewhat nerdy PC. Gates has imitated many features of the Mac’s software with a popular PC program called Windows.
 
Since the mid-1980s the men have taken dramatically different paths. Gates, who owns more than $4 billion of Microsoft stock, remains a workaholic bachelor and an omnivorous reader — he has read several biographies of Napoleon. He has built Microsoft into the world’s largest and most profitable PC software company. It hasn’t all been rosy. Microsoft’s relationship with IBM soured this year, mainly because the two couldn’t agree on an operating- system strategy for future PCs. And the Federal Trade Commission recently began investigating Microsoft’s practices.

Jobs has been less visible but just as busy. In 1985 he started Next, aiming to build the personal computer of the 1990s. Next’s first machine appeared two years ago. Its basic software, NextStep, makes the machine unusually easy to customize; IBM was so impressed it licensed NextStep for its own computers. Despite the dazzling technology, the going has been slow at Next. For one thing, IBM never put NextStep on the market. But lately business has picked up — 10,000 systems rolled out of Next’s automated plant during the second quarter. Jobs has other reasons to smile. He and wife Laurene, who married earlier this year, are expecting their first child in September.

FORTUNE associate editor Brenton R. Schlender put the questions at the meeting. Beneath the conviviality, Jobs and Gates each had a business objective. Jobs lobbied for Gates to develop software for the Next computer. And Gates, whose company is being sued by Apple for allegedly pirating Macintosh software features, was hoping to learn more about the product’s origin.
 
Schlender: What did you think when the PC appeared ten years ago?
 
Jobs: When IBM entered the market, we did not take it seriously enough. It was a pretty heady time at Apple. We were shipping tens of thousands of machines a month — more computers than IBM was total. Even so, a lot of people think IBM invented the personal computer, which of course isn’t true.
 
Gates: A lot of people think Apple did, and that isn’t true either. Our first program was for the Altair ((a mail-order kit sold in 1975)).
 
Schlender: Does Microsoft’s control of PC operating systems stifle competition in the industry?
 
Gates: There’s not one element of the industry that’s not competitive. There are people who are cloning Intel’s chips; there are people who are cloning my operating system; there are many, many people who make PCs; and for every software application there are lots of people competing. There is no competitive imperfection.
 
Jobs: How come nobody has successfully competed with you? I’m not accusing you or Microsoft of anything. I’m not even saying it’s necessarily bad. I’m just saying it’s an interesting contrast. When I zoom back and look at this, there are hundreds of people making PCs, and hundreds of people writing applications programs for them.
 
Gates: Right.
 
Jobs: But they all have to travel through this very small orifice called Microsoft to get to one another.
 
Gates: It’s a very large orifice! ((Laughs.))
 
Jobs: But it’s only one company.
 
Gates: Are you saying there’s something wrong with our popularity? My approach to the PC market has been the same from the very beginning. The goal of Microsoft is to create the standard for the industry. Nothing has changed.

Schlender: What does the future hold for IBM and Apple? What do you think of their decision to collaborate on PC software?
 
Gates: It’s surprising to me.
 
Jobs: Yes, we are confused about that.
 
Gates: ((Apple President)) Mike Spindler has said they want to turn Apple into more of a software company. If that’s your goal, you don’t go and give the half of the company that is the future of Apple software to a joint venture. What is Apple getting in return? Here’s the part I don’t understand: What is the contribution from IBM? The IBM name? Did Apple feel so bad about their own work that they had to have that?
 
Jobs: I truly believe the challenge for IBM is that they can’t survive by selling the same thing you can buy from somebody else for 30% less money. Their cost structure doesn’t allow them to compete with companies that don’t do massive amounts of R&D, that don’t have twice as many employees as they need, et cetera, et cetera. So IBM has to do one of two things: One, suffer continuous erosion of its market share until eventually it goes out of business, which I hope doesn’t happen. Or two, come up with some way to add value. In my opinion the way to make your machines unique is with unique software.
 
Gates: I said that back in the Seventies! ((Laughs.)) There’s something else I don’t understand. If IBM already held a license to your NextStep software, why did they get all this going with Apple rather than just come to you and expand their license?
 
Jobs: I really want to answer this que stion, but I’ve got to be careful what I say. It’s not my purpose to alienate anyone at IBM.
 
Gates: We share this interest. ((Both laugh.))
 
Jobs: Somebody at IBM a few years ago saw our NextStep operating system as a potential diamond to solve their biggest and most profound problem, that of adding value to their computers with unique software. Unfortunately, as I learned, IBM is not a monolith. It is a very large place with lots of faces, and they all play musical chairs. Somewhere along the line this diamond got dropped in the mud, and now it’s sitting on somebody’s desk who thinks it’s a dirt clod. Inside that dirt clod is still a diamond, but they don’t see it.

Schlender: Is the PC industry, which until now has been dominated by American companies, liable to get overrun by the Japanese?
 
Jobs: Computer companies fall on a spectrum of enthusiasm for manufacturing. On the left end are companies that look at manufacturing as a necessary evil, who wish they didn’t have to do it. And at the far right you have people who look at manufacturing as a competitive advantage. Clearly a lot of the Japanese companies look at themselves that way. Unfortunately a lot of American companies look at manufacturing as a necessary evil. You can say the same thing about the way they see software. My opinion is that the only two computer companies that are software-driven are Apple and Next, and I wonder about Apple. Most computer companies would rather that software didn’t even exist.
 
Gates: Good!
 
Jobs: It’s good for Microsoft today. But unfortunately all those companies could give way to Japanese companies a few years down the road.
 
Gates: I think you give up too easily on Americans. You pick one dimension . . .
 
Jobs: I focus on manufacturing because I care about it. I’ve seen IBM’s. I built Apple’s and Next’s, and I know what Sun does. Ultimately, I believe that most of the PCs will come from offshore. We’re just not good enough at manufacturing.Where will the key innovations come from? Established giants like Microsoft or upstarts like Next?
 
Gates: I contend technology breakthroughs can happen by extending what we already have. Let’s take handwriting computers. The hardware is coming from PC-compatible makers like Dell Computer ((of Austin, Texas)) and NCR and some Japanese companies. The software will come either from Microsoft or from a U.S. competitor named Go Corp. ((of Foster City, California)). That’s going to be a major breakthrough, and who do you give credit to?  
 
Jobs: I think everybody gives credit to Go, but Go will be crushed.
 
Gates: That’s one of the nastiest comments I’ve ever heard. I’ve been working on handwriting since long before there ever was a Go Corp.
 
Jobs: Really? I didn’t know that. Most people would say that Go is the company that first tried to commercialize that technology.,
 
Gates: Well, Go hasn’t shipped anything yet, and I’ll ship my stuff before they ship theirs.
 
Jobs: My experience has been that creating a compelling new technology is so much harder than you think it will be that you’re almost dead when you get to the other shore. That’s why, when you take big leaps, like the Mac, or object- oriented programming, or handwriting recognition, you have to leave old technology behind. When Lindbergh was going to fly from New York to Paris, he had to decide what to take with him. There were a lot of demands. They fell into two categories — things that would make his journey safer or more comfortable, and things that would increase his chances of making it to Paris. Weight was a real problem. He could take more gas, which would increase his safety, or he could take a compass, which would increase his chances of getting to Paris. Every time he came down on the side of increasing his chances of getting to Paris at the sacrifice of safety or comfort. That’s why he made it.
 
Gates: Smart people like Steve ought to try to build things from scratch. That’s a worthy thing. But every time it should be a test. Right now there’s a test in handwriting PCs, in object-oriented operating systems, in multimedia computers. Those are the big questions for personal computing in the 1990s, and I’m the one who has to prove the validity of the evolutionary approach.

Jobs: It’s true, your evolutionary approach with Windows is bringing to PCs great new technologies that Apple and others pioneered. But in the meantime — and it’s been seven years since the Macintosh was introduced — I still think that tens of millions of PC owners needlessly use a computer that is far less good than it should be.

How the Founders of Apple Got Rich

The two main Apple founders – Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak – both came from humble backgrounds and were not endowed with commercial success. In order to afford the first pieces of the Apple I in 1976, they almost literally sold the shirts off their backs. Jobs invested the proceeds from the sale of his VW bus ($1,500 dollars). “Woz” parted with his beloved programmable calculator Hewlett-Packard 65 and deposited 250 dollars in the company’s treasury.

Ronald Wayne (Photo courtesy of Owen Linzmayer)

Ronald Gerald Wayne, the “third founder” of Apple Computer, was with the company for only a short time. He illustrated the first Apple logo and wrote the Apple I manual. While at Apple, he also wrote their partnership agreement. Wayne worked with Jobs at Atari before co-founding Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. He was given a 10% stake in Apple, but relinquished his stock for 800 dollars only two weeks later because legally, all members of a partnership are personally responsible for any debts incurred by any of the other partners.

After Apple’s IPO, Wayne’s stake could have been worth as much as US$ 1.5 billion. He claimed that he didn’t regret selling the stock as he had made “the best decision available at that time.” According to CNET, as of 1997 Wayne was working as an engineer for a defense contractor in Salinas, California.

See also: Two days in the desert with Apple’s lost founder, Ron Wayne @ engadget.com

Steve Jobs and Mike Markkula

The foundations for the commercial success were laid in 1977 by venture capitalist Arthur Rock as well as by the ex-Intel manager Mike Markkula, who invested 92,000 dollars in Apple and secured a bank loan of 250,000 dollars. Markkula was lured out of retirement by Steve Jobs, who was referred to him by Regis McKenna and venture capitalist Don Valentine.

Valentine—who after meeting the young, unkempt Jobs asked McKenna, “Why did you send me this renegade from the human race?”—was not interested in funding Apple, but mentioned Jobs’ new company to Markkula. Jobs visited him and convinced Markkula of the market for the Apple II and personal computers in general. Later Valentine asked Markkula if he could also invest in Apple.

Mike Markkula at the Apple offices April 1, 1977

In 1977, Markkula brought his business expertise along with US$250,000 ($80,000 as an equity investment in the company and $170,000 as a loan) and became employee number 3. The investment would pay off for Markkula. Before Apple went public in 1980, he owned a third of the company.

Markkula also brought in Apple’s first CEO, Michael Scott, then took the job himself from 1981 to 1983. Markkula served as chairman from 1985 until 1997, when a new board was formed after Jobs returned to the company. Wozniak, who virtually single-handedly created the first two Apple computers, credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself. “Steve and I get a lot of credit, but Mike Markkula was probably more responsible for our early success, and you never hear about him,” told Wozniak the Failure Magazine in July 2000.

Excerpt of the TV documentary “Triumph of the Nerds” (PBS)


With the initial public offering on December 12, 1980, Jobs and Wozniak became multimillionaires, as Apple Computer was now valued at 1.8 billion dollars. Jobs possessed 7.5 million stocks (217 million dollars); “Woz” was assigned four million stocks (116 million dollars). Markkula’s share of seven million stocks was worth 203 million.

“I was worth about over a million dollars when I was twenty-three and over ten million dollars when I was twenty-four, and over a hundred million dollars when I was twenty-five,” Jobs said in an interview with Robert Cringley (”Triumph of the Nerds“) in 1996. “And it wasn’t that important because I never did it for the money.”

Read next page: Steve Jobs: It’s not about the money

Timeline: Steve Jobs – From College Dropout to “CEO of the Decade”

Steve Jobs at WWDC 2008. Photo: Christoph Dernbach

Steve Jobs has been the most influential inventor and manager in the technology industry. On August 24, 2011, he announced his resignation from his role as Apple’s CEO. Time to look back at the most important marks in his life:

1955: Jobs is born on Feb. 24, in San Francisco and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian) of Mountain View, California, who named him Steven Paul.

1972: Jobs graduated from Homestead High School in Cupertino, California, and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, such as one in calligraphy.

1974: Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak, a high school friend who was a few years older. He works for video game maker Atari.

1976: Building “Blue Boxes”

1976: Apple Computer is formed on April Fools’ Day, shortly after Wozniak and Jobs create a new computer circuit board in a Silicon Valley garage. The third founder, Ronald Wayne, was serving as the venture’s “adult supervision”. He drew the first Apple logo, wrote the three men’s original partnership agreement, and wrote the Apple I manual. He soon gave up his share of the new company for a total of $2,300 becaus he was afraid of the financial risk. The Apple I computer went on sale by the summer for $666.66.

1977: Apple is incorporated January 3, 1977 by its founders and a group of venture capitalists (Mike Markkula et al.). The company unveils Apple II, the first personal computer to generate color graphics. Sales soar to the rate of $1 million a year.

1978: Jobs’ daughter Lisa is born to girlfriend Chrisann Brennan. She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity, claiming that he was sterile; he later acknowledged paternity. In 1983 he named the “Apple Lisa” after his first daughter.

1979: Jobs and several Apple employees including Jef Raskin visited Xerox PARC in December 1979 to see the Xerox Alto. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares (800,000 split-adjusted shares) of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share. Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface (GUI), and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa.

Continue reading